By Janet Howard | WWT Exclusive

As Maya Angelou eloquently said, “Each time a woman stands up for herself, without knowing it possibly, without claiming it, she stands up for all women.” March, the month of Women’s History, is a significant time when the nation unites to honor and celebrate the remarkable achievements of women in American history. This celebration, which includes conferences, workshops, special television programs, awards, brunches, and more, is not just a mere observance but a powerful reminder of the integral role of women in shaping our society, particularly in the labor movement and unions. It’s a moment to acknowledge and immortalize women’s struggles, wisdom, and distinctive viewpoints.

Women in New York’s Labor Movement

The labor movement is a testament to the collective power of workers striving for fair treatment, just wages, and improved working conditions. Women have played a pivotal yet often overlooked role within this movement, contributing significantly to advancing labor rights and establishing unions. 

New York City, with its bustling industries and diverse workforce, became a focal point for labor activism, and women played a prominent role in shaping its labor landscape. Clara Lemlich, a Ukrainian immigrant and garment worker, emerged as a fearless leader during the 1909 strike known as the “Uprising of the 20,000.” Her impassioned speech at a union meeting catalyzed the strike and inspired thousands of women to join the fight for better pay and working conditions.

Similarly, Rose Schneiderman, another influential figure in New York’s labor movement, championed the cause of women workers and advocated for labor reforms. As the first woman to serve on the New York State Department of Labor, Schneiderman tirelessly campaigned for minimum wage laws, workplace safety regulations, and the protection of women’s rights in the workforce. Her achievements are a testament to the power of women’s leadership and ability to effect change.

Historical Context

In the early days of the labor movement, women faced numerous challenges, including low wages, long hours, and discriminatory practices. Despite these obstacles, they courageously organized and advocated for change. One notable example is the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911, where predominantly immigrant women workers tragically lost their lives due to unsafe working conditions. This event galvanized public support for labor reform and highlighted the need for more assertive union representation.

Expanding Horizons

Beyond the garment industry, women in New York made significant contributions to various sectors of the labor movement. In the early 20th century, female telephone operators organized strikes and formed unions to demand better treatment and job security, marking a significant milestone in their fight for labor rights. Similarly, women in the hospitality industry, including hotel and restaurant workers, fought for fair wages and improved working conditions through collective bargaining and unionization efforts, demonstrating their active participation in the labor movement.

Contemporary Perspectives

While significant strides have been made in advancing women’s rights in the labor movement, challenges persist. Women continue to face wage disparities, workplace discrimination, and barriers to leadership roles within unions. However, grassroots organizations and advocacy groups in New York, such as the Women’s Trade Union League and the New York Women’s Foundation, are working tirelessly to address these issues and empower women in the workforce. Their efforts give us hope for a more equitable future.

Black Women in the Movement

Black women have played significant roles in the labor movement in New York City throughout history. Their contributions have been pivotal in fighting for workers’ rights, fair wages, and better working conditions. Here are some key points highlighting their involvement:

1. Early Activism: Black women, demonstrating remarkable resilience, have been at the forefront of labor activism in New York City since the late 19th century. Often found in low-wage jobs such as domestic service, garment work, and laundresses, they bore the brunt of exploitation and discrimination in these industries, yet their spirit remained unbroken. 
2. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, one of the deadliest industrial disasters in U.S. history, highlighted the unsafe working conditions in garment factories. Black women were among the victims of this tragedy, which galvanized the labor movement and led to significant reforms in workplace safety.
3. Union Organizing: Black women played crucial roles in union organizing efforts in various industries, including garment, domestic work, healthcare, and education. They formed unions, organized strikes, and advocated for better wages and working conditions.
4. Civil Rights Movement: Many black women actively in the civil rights movement also supported labor rights causes. Figures like Ella Baker and Pauli Murray were instrumental in both movements, recognizing the intersections of race, class, and gender in the struggle for justice.
5. Intersectional Activism: Black women in the labor movement often faced discrimination based on their gender and race. They advocated for an intersectional approach to activism, addressing the unique challenges faced by black women workers and fighting against sexism and racism within the labor movement.
6. Political Leadership: Over the years, Black women have ascended to prominent positions within labor unions and advocacy organizations in New York City through their transformative leadership. Their strategic decision-making has been instrumental in shaping labor policies, negotiating contracts, and representing the interests of workers.
7. Continued Advocacy: Today, black women, with their unwavering commitment, continue to lead the charge in labor activism in New York City. They tirelessly advocate for living wages, healthcare benefits, and workplace protections for all workers, particularly those in marginalized communities, offering a beacon of hope for a fairer future. 

Here are some notable black women who have made significant contributions to the labor movement in New York:

1. Ella Baker: Although more commonly associated with civil rights activism, she also played a crucial role in labor organizing. She worked with the NAACP, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), advocating for workers’ rights and economic justice.
2. Pauli Murray: An influential civil rights and women’s rights activist, Pauli Murray also worked on labor issues. She co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW). She served on the President’s Commission on the Status of Women, advocating for equal pay and workplace rights for women, including black women.
3. Audre Lorde: While primarily known as a poet and activist for racial and LGBTQ+ justice, Audre Lorde also addressed labor issues in her work. Her writings often explored the intersections of race, gender, and class, highlighting the experiences of black women workers.
4. Gloria Richardson: A prominent leader in the civil rights movement, Gloria Richardson also engaged in labor activism. She organized protests and advocated for economic empowerment for black communities in New York and elsewhere.
5. Lillian Roberts: As the executive director of District Council 37, New York City’s largest public employee union, Lillian Roberts played a significant role in labor organizing. She fought for municipal workers’ rights, including many black women employed in public sector jobs.
6. Judy Sheridan-Gonzalez: A nurse and labor leader, Judy Sheridan-Gonzalez has actively advocated for healthcare workers’ rights in New York City. She served as the president of the New York State Nurses Association (NYSNA) and has been a vocal advocate for safe staffing levels and better working conditions for nurses, many of whom are black women.
7. Bertha Lewis: While she’s primarily known for her community organizing and housing advocacy work, Bertha Lewis has also been involved in labor issues. As the former CEO of ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), she worked on campaigns for living wages and workers’ rights.

These are just a few examples of black women who have contributed significantly to the labor movement in New York City. Many more, whose names may not be as widely recognized but whose activism and leadership have been equally impactful, exist.

Immense Contributions

Overall, the contributions of black women to the labor movement in New York City have been immense, shaping the trajectory of labor rights and social justice in the region. Their activism and leadership continue to inspire future generations of workers and activists.

Women’s contributions to the labor movement and unions in New York are undeniable and far-reaching. From the sweatshops of the early 20th century to the contemporary struggles for gender equity, women have been at the forefront of labor activism, fighting for dignity, respect, and economic justice. As we reflect on their legacy during Women’s History Month and beyond, let us honor their resilience, courage, and unwavering commitment to social change.

  Labor Movement, roles, Unions, Women